Despite the generally poor association between acute effects of high calcium absorption on serum calcium concentration and long term effects on BMD, bone structure and fracture incidence, a higher intake of TCC has led to increased bone mineral density and reduced bone loss in a number of randomized controlled studies in elderly women. Of these, TCC is characterized by its good compliance, sufficient calcium content, a better absorbability than CaCO 3 and a gastric acid-independent intestinal absorption. For individuals who are not able or willing to cover their recommended calcium requirements (1000-1300mg/d for adolescents and adults in industrialized countries) from dietary sources, numerous calcium supplements such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) or Tricalcium Dicitrate *4H 2O (TCC) are available. Dietary recommendations for calcium have therefore been developed primarily in order to meet physiological needs.
Results and Conclusions: Despite the essentiality of calcium for bone growth and maintenance, clinical studies and meta-analyses on positive effects of calcium supplementation on skeletal health and osteoporosis have shown contradictory results. Methods: Systematic evaluation of relevant literature using medical (Medline) and nutrition databases as well as inclusion of physiological studies, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, meta-analyses and dietary guidelines Inadequate intake is common in certain groups of the population. Background: Calcium plays a key role in physiology and bone health.
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